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DATE 2019: Florence, Italy
- Jürgen Teich, Franco Fummi:
Design, Automation & Test in Europe Conference & Exhibition, DATE 2019, Florence, Italy, March 25-29, 2019. IEEE 2019, ISBN 978-3-9819263-2-3 - Jingyu Pan, Fan Zhang, Kui Ren, Shivam Bhasin:
One Fault is All it Needs: Breaking Higher-Order Masking with Persistent Fault Analysis. 1-6 - Rana Elnaggar, Ramesh Karri, Krishnendu Chakrabarty:
Multi-Tenant FPGA-based Reconfigurable Systems: Attacks and Defenses. 7-12 - Wenjie Xiong, Nikolaos Athanasios Anagnostopoulos, André Schaller, Stefan Katzenbeisser, Jakub Szefer:
Spying on Temperature using DRAM. 13-18 - Arvind Singh, Monodeep Kar, Nikhil Chawla, Saibal Mukhopadhyay:
Mitigating Power Supply Glitch based Fault Attacks with Fast All-Digital Clock Modulation Circuit. 19-24 - Florian De Roose, Hikmet Celiker, Jan Genoe, Wim Dehaene, Kris Myny:
Dual-gate self-aligned a-InGaZnO transistor model for flexible circuit applications. 25-29 - Farhan Rasheed, Michael Hefenbrock, Rajendra Bishnoi, Michael Beigl, Jasmin Aghassi-Hagmann, Mehdi Baradaran Tahoori:
Predictive Modeling and Design Automation of Inorganic Printed Electronics. 30-35 - Tsung-Ching Huang, Ting Lei, Leilai Shao, Sridhar Sivapurapu, Madhavan Swaminathan, Sicheng Li, Zhenan Bao, Kwang-Ting Cheng, Raymond G. Beausoleil:
Process Design Kit and Design Automation for Flexible Hybrid Electronics. 36-41 - Marco Fattori, Joost A. Fijn, L. Hu, Eugenio Cantatore, Fabrizio Torricelli, M. Charbonneau:
Circuit Design and Design Automation for Printed Electronics. 42-47 - Sheriff Sadiqbatcha, Hengyang Zhao, Hussam Amrouch, Jörg Henkel, Sheldon X.-D. Tan:
Hot Spot Identification and System Parameterized Thermal Modeling for Multi-Core Processors Through Infrared Thermal Imaging. 48-53 - Wei Ye, Mohamed Baker Alawieh, Meng Li, Yibo Lin, David Z. Pan:
Litho-GPA: Gaussian Process Assurance for Lithography Hotspot Detection. 54-59 - Scott Reid, Antonio Montoya, Kwabena Boahen:
PinT: Polynomial in Temperature Decode Weights in a Neuromorphic Architecture. 60-65 - Arman Iranfar, Ali Pahlevan, Marina Zapater, David Atienza:
Enhancing Two-Phase Cooling Efficiency through Thermal-Aware Workload Mapping for Power-Hungry Servers. 66-71 - Shuo-Hui Wang, Guan-Hong Liou, Yen-Yu Su, Mark Po-Hung Lin:
IR-aware Power Net Routing for Multi-Voltage Mixed-Signal Design. 72-77 - Antonio Toro-Frías, Pablo Saraza-Canflanca, Fábio Passos, Pablo Martín-Lloret, Rafael Castro-López, Elisenda Roca, Javier Martín-Martínez, Rosana Rodríguez, Montserrat Nafría, Francisco V. Fernández:
Generation of Lifetime-Aware Pareto-Optimal Fronts Using a Stochastic Reliability Simulator. 78-83 - Julian Leonhard, Muhammad Yasin, Shadi Turk, Mohammed Thari Nabeel, Marie-Minerve Louërat, Roselyne Chotin-Avot, Hassan Aboushady, Ozgur Sinanoglu, Haralampos-G. D. Stratigopoulos:
MixLock: Securing Mixed-Signal Circuits via Logic Locking. 84-89 - Alwin Zulehner, Robert Wille:
Matrix-Vector vs. Matrix-Matrix Multiplication: Potential in DD-based Simulation of Quantum Computations. 90-95 - Zdenek Vasícek, Vojtech Mrazek, Lukás Sekanina:
Automated Circuit Approximation Method Driven by Data Distribution. 96-101 - Paul Detterer, Cumhur Erdin, Majid Nabi, José Pineda de Gyvez, Twan Basten, Hailong Jiao:
Trading Digital Accuracy for Power in an RSSI Computation of a Sensor Network Transceiver. 102-107 - Zhuoran Song, Ru Wang, Dongyu Ru, Zhenghao Peng, Hongru Huang, Hai Zhao, Xiaoyao Liang, Li Jiang:
Approximate Random Dropout for DNN training acceleration in GPGPU. 108-113 - Younghoon Byun, Minho Ha, Jeonghun Kim, Sunggu Lee, Youngjoo Lee:
Low-Complexity Dynamic Channel Scaling of Noise-Resilient CNN for Intelligent Edge Devices. 114-119 - Hao-Ning Wu, Chih-Tsun Huang:
Data Locality Optimization of Depthwise Separable Convolutions for CNN Inference Accelerators. 120-125 - Mohsen Imani, John Messerly, Fan Wu, Wang Pi, Tajana Rosing:
A Binary Learning Framework for Hyperdimensional Computing. 126-131 - Jörg Henkel, Heba Khdr, Martin Rapp:
Smart Thermal Management for Heterogeneous Multicores. 132-137 - Biresh Kumar Joardar, Ryan Gary Kim, Janardhan Rao Doppa, Partha Pratim Pande:
Design and Optimization of Heterogeneous Manycore Systems Enabled by Emerging Interconnect Technologies: Promises and Challenges. 138-143 - Ganapati Bhat, Suat Gumussoy, Ümit Y. Ogras:
Power and Thermal Analysis of Commercial Mobile Platforms: Experiments and Case Studies. 144-149 - Pablo Saraza-Canflanca, Javier Diaz-Fortuny, Rafael Castro-López, Elisenda Roca Moreno, Javier Martín-Martínez, Rosana Rodríguez, Montserrat Nafría, Francisco V. Fernández:
New method for the automated massive characterization of Bias Temperature Instability in CMOS transistors. 150-155 - Keven Feng, Sandeep Vora, Rui Jiang, Elyse Rosenbaum, Shobha Vasudevan:
Guilty As Charged: Computational Reliability Threats Posed By Electrostatic Discharge-induced Soft Errors. 156-161 - Daniel Kraak, Innocent Agbo, Mottaqiallah Taouil, Said Hamdioui, Pieter Weckx, Stefan Cosemans, Francky Catthoor:
Methodology for Application-Dependent Degradation Analysis of Memory Timing. 162-167 - Andrew B. Kahng, Uday Mallappa, Lawrence K. Saul, Shangyuan Tong:
"Unobserved Corner" Prediction: Reducing Timing Analysis Effort for Faster Design Convergence in Advanced-Node Design. 168-173 - Gengjie Chen, Evangeline F. Y. Young:
Dim Sum: Light Clock Tree by Small Diameter Sum. 174-179 - Yu-Hung Huang, Zhiyao Xie, Guan-Qi Fang, Tao-Chun Yu, Haoxing Ren, Shao-Yun Fang, Yiran Chen, Jiang Hu:
Routability-Driven Macro Placement with Embedded CNN-Based Prediction Model. 180-185 - Alex Vidal-Obiols, Jordi Cortadella, Jordi Petit, Marc Galceran Oms, Ferran Martorell:
RTL-Aware Dataflow-Driven Macro Placement. 186-191 - Mingye Song, Zhezhao Xu, Wenjian Yu, Lei Yin:
Realizing Reproducible and Reusable Parallel Floating Random Walk Solvers for Practical Usage. 192-197 - Povilas Marcinkevicius, Ibrahim Ethem Bagci, Nema M. Abdelazim, Christopher S. Woodhead, Robert J. Young, Utz Roedig:
Optically Interrogated Unique Object with Simulation Attack Prevention. 198-203 - Mahmoud Khalafalla, Catherine H. Gebotys:
PUFs Deep Attacks: Enhanced modeling attacks using deep learning techniques to break the security of double arbiter PUFs. 204-209 - Mohammed Shayan, Sukanta Bhattacharjee, Yong-Ak Song, Krishnendu Chakrabarty, Ramesh Karri:
Desieve the Attacker: Thwarting IP Theft in Sieve-Valve-based Biochips. 210-215 - Jing Chen, Yi Wang, Amelie Chi Zhou, Rui Mao, Tao Li:
PATCH: Process-Variation-Resilient Space Allocation for Open-Channel SSD with 3D Flash. 216-221 - Fateme S. Hosseini, Chengmo Yang:
Compiler-Directed and Architecture-Independent Mitigation of Read Disturbance Errors in STT-RAM. 222-227 - Wei Li, Ziqi Shuai, Chun Jason Xue, Mengting Yuan, Qingan Li:
A Wear Leveling Aware Memory Allocator for Both Stack and Heap Management in PCM-based Main Memory Systems. 228-233 - Leslie Maldonado, Wanli Chang, Debayan Roy, Anuradha Annaswamy, Dip Goswami, Samarjit Chakraborty:
Exploiting System Dynamics for Resource-Efficient Automotive CPS Design. 234-239 - Róbinson Medina Sánchez, Sander Stuijk, Dip Goswami, Twan Basten:
Implementation-aware design of image-based control with on-line measurable variable-delay. 240-245 - Chanwook Oh, Eunsuk Kang, Shinichi Shiraishi, Pierluigi Nuzzo:
Optimizing Assume-Guarantee Contracts for Cyber-Physical System Design. 246-251 - Johan Laurent, Vincent Beroulle, Christophe Deleuze, Florian Pebay-Peyroula:
Fault Injection on Hidden Registers in a RISC-V Rocket Processor and Software Countermeasures. 252-255 - Haohao Liao, Catherine H. Gebotys:
Methodology for EM Fault Injection: Charge-based Fault Model. 256-259 - Benjamin Hettwer, Johannes Petersen, Stefan Gehrer, Heike Neumann, Tim Güneysu:
Securing Cryptographic Circuits by Exploiting Implementation Diversity and Partial Reconfiguration on FPGAs. 260-263 - Ben Perach, Shahar Kvatinsky:
STT-ANGIE: Asynchronous True Random Number GEnerator Using STT-MTJ. 264-267 - Chao Zhang, Milan Mihajlovic, Vasilis F. Pavlidis:
Adaptive Transient Leakage-Aware Linearised Model for Thermal Analysis of 3-D ICs. 268-271 - Lokesh Siddhu, Preeti Ranjan Panda:
FastCool: Leakage Aware Dynamic Thermal Management of 3D Memories. 272-275 - Manuel J. Barragán, Gildas Léger, Florent Cilici, Estelle Lauga-Larroze, Sylvain Bourdel, Salvador Mir:
On the use of causal feature selection in the context of machine-learning indirect test. 276-279 - Alwin Zulehner, Philipp Niemann, Rolf Drechsler, Robert Wille:
Accuracy and Compactness in Decision Diagrams for Quantum Computation. 280-283 - Saman Fröhlich, Daniel Große, Rolf Drechsler:
One Method - All Error-Metrics: A Three-Stage Approach for Error-Metric Evaluation in Approximate Computing. 284-287 - Giulia Meuli, Mathias Soeken, Martin Roetteler, Nikolaj S. Bjørner, Giovanni De Micheli:
Reversible Pebbling Game for Quantum Memory Management. 288-291 - Petr Rek, Lukás Sekanina:
TypeCNN: CNN Development Framework With Flexible Data Types. 292-295 - Sebastian Vogel, Christoph Schorn, Andre Guntoro, Gerd Ascheid:
Guaranteed Compression Rate for Activations in CNNs using a Frequency Pruning Approach. 296-299 - Chih-Hong Cheng, Georg Nührenberg, Hirotoshi Yasuoka:
Runtime Monitoring Neuron Activation Patterns. 300-303 - Hadi Ahmadi Balef, Kees Goossens, José Pineda de Gyvez:
Chip Health Tracking Using Dynamic In-Situ Delay Monitoring. 304-307 - Fritz G. Previlon, Charu Kalra, Devesh Tiwari, David R. Kaeli:
PCFI: Program Counter Guided Fault Injection for Accelerating GPU Reliability Assessment. 308-311 - Weihua Liu, Fei Wu, Meng Zhang, Yifei Wang, Zhonghai Lu, Xiangfeng Lu, Changsheng Xie:
Characterizing the Reliability and Threshold Voltage Shifting of 3D Charge Trap NAND Flash. 312-315 - Giorgio Di Natale, Elena Ioana Vatajelu, Kalpana Senthamarai Kannan, Lorena Anghel:
Hidden-Delay-Fault Sensor for Test, Reliability and Security. 316-319 - Wooseok Yi, Yulhwa Kim, Jae-Joon Kim:
Effect of Device Variation on Mapping Binary Neural Network to Memristor Crossbar Array. 320-323 - Daijoon Hyun, Yuepeng Fan, Youngsoo Shin:
Accurate Wirelength Prediction for Placement-Aware Synthesis through Machine Learning. 324-327 - Yi-Cheng Zhao, Yu-Chieh Lin, Ting-Chi Wang, Ting-Hsiung Wang, Yun-Ru Wu, Hsin-Chang Lin, Shu-Yi Kao:
A Mixed-Height Standard Cell Placement Flow for Digital Circuit Blocks*. 328-331 - Simon Rokicki, Erven Rohou, Steven Derrien:
Aggressive Memory Speculation in HW/SW Co-Designed Machines. 332-335 - Satyajit Das, Kevin J. M. Martin, Philippe Coussy:
Context-memory Aware Mapping for Energy Efficient Acceleration with CGRAs. 336-341 - Behnam Khaleghi, Tajana Simunic Rosing:
Thermal-Aware Design and Flow for FPGA Performance Improvement. 342-347 - Asmit De, Aditya Basu, Swaroop Ghosh, Trent Jaeger:
FIXER: Flow Integrity Extensions for Embedded RISC-V. 348-353 - Yangdi Lyu, Alif Ahmed, Prabhat Mishra:
Automated Activation of Multiple Targets in RTL Models using Concolic Testing. 354-359 - Vladimir Herdt, Daniel Große, Hoang M. Le, Rolf Drechsler:
Verifying Instruction Set Simulators using Coverage-guided Fuzzing*. 360-365 - Muhammad Hassan, Daniel Große, Hoang M. Le, Rolf Drechsler:
Data Flow Testing for SystemC-AMS Timed Data Flow Models. 366-371 - Valerio Tenace, Roberto Giorgio Rizzo, Debjyoti Bhattacharjee, Anupam Chattopadhyay, Andrea Calimera:
SAID: A Supergate-Aided Logic Synthesis Flow for Memristive Crossbars. 372-377 - Shaahin Angizi, Jiao Sun, Wei Zhang, Deliang Fan:
GraphS: A Graph Processing Accelerator Leveraging SOT-MRAM. 378-383 - Liang Chang, Xin Ma, Zhaohao Wang, Youguang Zhang, Weisheng Zhao, Yuan Xie:
CORN: In-Buffer Computing for Binary Neural Network. 384-389 - Robert Perricone, Zhaoxin Liang, Meghna G. Mankalale, Michael T. Niemier, Sachin S. Sapatnekar, Jianping Wang, Xiaobo Sharon Hu:
An Energy Efficient Non-Volatile Flip-Flop based on CoMET Technology. 390-395 - Mohammad Nasim Imtiaz Khan, Karthikeyan Nagarajan, Swaroop Ghosh:
Hardware Trojans in Emerging Non-Volatile Memories. 396-401 - Nicole Fern, Kwang-Ting (Tim) Cheng:
Evaluating Assertion Set Completeness to Expose Hardware Trojans and Verification Blindspots. 402-407 - Yangdi Lyu, Prabhat Mishra:
Efficient Test Generation for Trojan Detection using Side Channel Analysis. 408-413 - Abhrajit Sengupta, Mohammed Nabeel, Johann Knechtel, Ozgur Sinanoglu:
A New Paradigm in Split Manufacturing: Lock the FEOL, Unlock at the BEOL. 414-419 - Taeju Park, Soheil Samii, Kang G. Shin:
Design Optimization of Frame Preemption in Real-Time Switched Ethernet. 420-425 - Emanuel Regnath, Sebastian Steinhorst:
CUBA: Chained Unanimous Byzantine Agreement for Decentralized Platoon Management. 426-431 - Alexander Lamprecht, Martin Baumann, Tobias Massier, Sebastian Steinhorst:
Decentralized Non-Neighbor Active Charge Balancing in Large Battery Packs. 432-437 - Samuel Isuwa, Somdip Dey, Amit Kumar Singh, Klaus D. McDonald-Maier:
TEEM: Online Thermal- and Energy-Efficiency Management on CPU-GPU MPSoCs. 438-443 - Sourav Sanyal, Prabal Basu, Aatreyi Bal, Sanghamitra Roy, Koushik Chakraborty:
Predicting Critical Warps in Near-Threshold GPGPU Applications using a Dynamic Choke Point Analysis. 444-449 - Xueyuan She, Yun Long, Saibal Mukhopadhyay:
Fast and Low-Precision Learning in GPU-Accelerated Spiking Neural Network. 450-455 - Tobias Seufert, Christoph Scholl:
fbPDR: In-depth combination of forward and backward analysis in Property Directed Reachability. 456-461 - Pritam Roy, Sagar Chaki, Pankaj Chauhan:
High Coverage Concolic Equivalence Checking. 462-467 - Davin Choo, Mate Soos, Kian Ming Adam Chai, Kuldeep S. Meel:
Bosphorus: Bridging ANF and CNF Solvers. 468-473 - Benjamin Ferrell, Jun Duan, Kevin W. Hamlen:
CUDA au Coq: A Framework for Machine-validating GPU Assembly Programs. 474-479 - Roberto Giorgi, Marco Procaccini, Farnam Khalili:
AXIOM: A Scalable, Efficient and Reconfigurable Embedded Platform. 480-485 - Said Hamdioui, Hoang Anh Du Nguyen, Mottaqiallah Taouil, Abu Sebastian, Manuel Le Gallo, Sandeep Pande, Siebren Schaafsma, Francky Catthoor, Shidhartha Das, Fernando García-Redondo, Geethan Karunaratne, Abbas Rahimi, Luca Benini:
Applications of Computation-In-Memory Architectures based on Memristive Devices. 486-491 - Alberto Scionti, Simone Ciccia, Olivier Terzo, Giorgio Giordanengo:
Chip-to-Cloud: an Autonomous and Energy Efficient Platform for Smart Vision Applications. 492-497 - Andrey Sadovykh, Dragos Truscan, Pierluigi Pierini, Gunnar Widforss, Adnan Ashraf, Hugo Bruneliere, Pavel Smrz, Alessandra Bagnato, Wasif Afzal, Alexandra Espinosa Hortelano:
On the Use of Hackathons to Enhance Collaboration in Large Collaborative Projects : - A Preliminary Case Study of the MegaM@Rt2 EU Project -. 498-503 - Serzat Safaltin, Oguz Gencer, Muhammed Ceylan Morgül, Levent Aksoy, Sebahattin Gurmen, Csaba Andras Moritz, Mustafa Altun:
Realization of Four-Terminal Switching Lattices: Technology Development and Circuit Modeling. 504-509 - Pete Ehrett, Todd M. Austin, Valeria Bertacco:
SiPterposer: A Fault-Tolerant Substrate for Flexible System-in-Package Design. 510-515 - Aditya Narayan, Yvain Thonnart, Pascal Vivet, César Fuguet Tortolero, Ayse K. Coskun:
WAVES: Wavelength Selection for Power-Efficient 2.5D-Integrated Photonic NoCs. 516-521 - Biresh Kumar Joardar, Bing Li, Janardhan Rao Doppa, Hai Li, Partha Pratim Pande, Krishnendu Chakrabarty:
REGENT: A Heterogeneous ReRAM/GPU-based Architecture Enabled by NoC for Training CNNs. 522-527 - Mustafa M. Shihab, Jingxiang Tian, Gaurav Rajavendra Reddy, Bo Hu, William Swartz, Benjamin Carrión Schäfer, Carl Sechen, Yiorgos Makris:
Design Obfuscation through Selective Post-Fabrication Transistor-Level Programming. 528-533 - Kaveh Shamsi, Meng Li, David Z. Pan, Yier Jin:
KC2: Key-Condition Crunching for Fast Sequential Circuit Deobfuscation. 534-539 - Leon Li, Alex Orailoglu:
Piercing Logic Locking Keys through Redundancy Identification. 540-545 - Priyanka Singla, Shubhankar Suman Singh, Smruti R. Sarangi:
FlexiCheck: An Adaptive Checkpointing Architecture for Energy Harvesting Devices. 546-551 - Florian Glaser, Germain Haugou, Davide Rossi, Qiuting Huang, Luca Benini:
Hardware-Accelerated Energy-Efficient Synchronization and Communication for Ultra-Low-Power Tightly Coupled Clusters. 552-557 - Luis Costero, Arman Iranfar, Marina Zapater, Francisco D. Igual, Katzalin Olcoz, David Atienza:
MAMUT: Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning for Efficient Real-Time Multi-User Video Transcoding. 558-563 - Hameeza Ahmed, Paulo C. Santos, João Paulo C. de Lima, Rafael Fão de Moura, Marco A. Z. Alves, Antonio C. S. Beck, Luigi Carro:
A Compiler for Automatic Selection of Suitable Processing-in-Memory Instructions. 564-569 - Arian Maghazeh, Sudipta Chattopadhyay, Petru Eles, Zebo Peng:
Cache-Aware Kernel Tiling: An Approach for System-Level Performance Optimization of GPU-Based Applications. 570-575 - Younghoon Kim, Swagath Venkataramani, Nitin Chandrachoodan, Anand Raghunathan:
Data Subsetting: A Data-Centric Approach to Approximate Computing. 576-581 - Marcelo Brandalero, Muhammad Shafique, Luigi Carro, Antonio Carlos Schneider Beck:
TransRec: Improving Adaptability in Single-ISA Heterogeneous Systems with Transparent and Reconfigurable Acceleration. 582-585 - Mohsen Imani, Ricardo Garcia, Andrew Huang, Tajana Rosing:
CADE: Configurable Approximate Divider for Energy Efficiency. 586-589 - Hao Chen, Cheng Li, Yubiao Pan, Min Lyu, Yongkun Li, Yinlong Xu:
HCFTL: A Locality-Aware Page-Level Flash Translation Layer. 590-593 - Haitao Zhang, Ayang Tuo, Guoqiang Li:
Model Checking is Possible to Verify Large-scale Vehicle Distributed Application Systems. 594-597 - Junchen Zhao, Ian G. Harris:
Automatic Assertion Generation from Natural Language Specifications Using Subtree Analysis. 598-601 - Hoang M. Le, Daniel Große, Niklas Bruns, Rolf Drechsler:
Detection of Hardware Trojans in SystemC HLS Designs via Coverage-guided Fuzzing. 602-605 - Lea Schönberger, Georg von der Brüggen, Horst Schirmeier, Jian-Jia Chen:
Design Optimization for Hardware-Based Message Filters in Broadcast Buses. 606-609 - Ta-Wei Huang, Yun-Yun Tsai, Chung-Wei Lin, Tsung-Yi Ho:
Vehicle Sequence Reordering with Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control. 610-613 - Josef Strnadel:
Using Statistical Model Checking to Assess Reliability for Bathtub-Shaped Failure Rates. 614-617 - Aman Goel, Karem A. Sakallah:
Empirical Evaluation of IC3-Based Model Checking Techniques on Verilog RTL Designs. 618-621 - Dimosthenis Masouros, Konstantina Koliogeorgi, Georgios Zervakis, Alexandra Kosvyra, Achilleas Chytas, Sotirios Xydis, Ioanna Chouvarda, Dimitrios Soudris:
Co-design Implications of Cost-effective On-demand Acceleration for Cloud Healthcare Analytics: The AEGLE approach. 622-625 - Elias Koromilas, Christoforos Kachris, Dimitrios Soudris, Francisco J. Ballesteros, Patricio Martínez, Ricardo Jiménez-Peris:
Modular FPGA Acceleration of Data Analytics in Heterogenous Computing. 626-629 - Siyuan Xiao, Xiaohang Wang, Maurizio Palesi, Amit Kumar Singh, Terrence S. T. Mak:
ACDC: An Accuracy- and Congestion-aware Dynamic Traffic Control Method for Networks-on-Chip. 630-633 - Lulwah Alhubail, Nader Bagherzadeh:
Power and Performance Optimal NoC Design for CPU-GPU Architecture Using Formal Models. 634-637 - Arash Fayyazi, Soheil Shababi, Pierluigi Nuzzo, Shahin Nazarian, Massoud Pedram:
Deep Learning-Based Circuit Recognition Using Sparse Mapping and Level-Dependent Decaying Sum Circuit Representations. 638-641